Assignment 1 << Previous Next >> Mechatronic Project

Assignment 2

電子書重點整理

Industrial And EngineeringProduct DesignCollaboration

工業和工程產品-設計協同

摘要

Collaborative product design processes of industrial design and engineering design in consumer product companies

工業設計與工程設計消費品公司的協同產品設計過程

This study aims to elucidate how industrial designers and engineering designers collaborate, and how such an alliance reflects in the design process. We conducted in-depth interviews about actual product design projects with 34 industrial and engineering designers from six consumer product manufacturers.

這項研究旨在闡明工業設計師和工程設計師如何協作，以及這種聯盟如何體現在設計過程中。我們與來自六個消費產品製造商的34名工業和工程設計師進行了有關實際產品設計項目的深入採訪。

It is often argued that engineering designers use an ‘outward approach e developing from function to appearance’ whereas industrial designers follow an ‘inward approach e developing from appearance to functions’

人們通常認為，工程設計師使用“從功能到外觀開發的外向方法”，而工業設計師則採用“從外觀到功能開發的內向方法”

providing initial requirements for industrial designers’ responsibilities. In or-der to succeed in a highly competitive market, companies should create collaborative processes of industrial design and engineering design by prop-erly adopting outside-in and inside-out approaches to match their situations and objectives.

為工業設計師的職責提供初步要求。為了在競爭激烈的市場中取得成功，公司應通過適當地採用從內而外的方法來匹配其情況和目標，從而創建工業設計和工程設計的協作過程。

This paper serves two goals: firstly, to shed light on the form of the original collaborative product design process applied in practice, and secondly to determine different types of processes used for different purposes under different conditions.

本文有兩個目標：首先，闡明在實踐中應用的原始協作產品設計過程的形式；其次，確定在不同條件下用於不同目的的不同類型的過程。

The recurring term ‘collaborative product design’ throughout this article refers to a product design created by the collaborative contribution of industrial design and engineering design.

在本文中，“協作產品設計”的重複用語是指通過工業設計和工程設計的共同貢獻而創建的產品設計。

章節一

Research approach (研究方法)

we adopted three criteria for selecting research targets:

我們採用了三個標準來選擇研究目標：

(1) multiple companies in a similar product domain;

(2) multiple participants from both engineering and industrial design departments;

(3)projects already completed through a whole product development cycle.

（1）多個產品領域相似的公司

（2）來自工程和工業設計部門的多名參與者

（3）在整個產品開發週期中已經完成的項目。

1.1 In-depth interview(深度訪談)

1.1.1 Selection of case companies(案例公司的選擇)

criteria adopted are as follows:

採用的標準如下：

1) The companies should produce mid-complex electronic consumer products.

1）公司應生產中等複雜的電子消費產品。

2) They should have independent industrial design and engineering design departments

2）他們應該有獨立的工業設計和工程設計部門

3) They should be leading companies in the market producing well-designed high-quality products

3）他們應該是市場領先的公司，生產精心設計的高質量產品

The first criterion enabled the selection of manufacturers with similar in product domain context wherein both industrial designers and engineering designers play important roles.

第一條標準使得能夠選擇在產品領域中具有相似地位的製造商，其中工業設計師和工程設計師都扮演著重要角色。

Manufactures producing simple consumer products will require a lesser role from engineering designers.

生產簡單消費品的製造商在工程設計師中的作用將減少。

1.1.2 Selection of interviewees(選擇受訪者)

1) More than two years of experience in the company

1）兩年以上的公司經驗

2) Engagement in at least one cycle of the product development process

2）參與產品開發過程的至少一個週期

3) Close collaboration and interaction with counterparts (i.e. industrial designers vs. engineering designers)

3）與同行（即工業設計師與工程設計師）的緊密協作和互動

1.1.3 Interview procedure(面試程序)

We firstly listed about 20 detailed questions and grouped them into four main themes:

我們首先列出了約20個詳細問題，並將其分為四個主要主題：

1) personal information, 1）個人信息，
2) design process, 2）設計過程，
3) role and expertise 3）角色和專業知識
4) interaction. 4）互動。

We then formulated four key questions:

然後，我們提出了四個關鍵問題：

1) What is your position and role in the team?

1）您在團隊中的職位和角色是什麼？

2) How did the product design process proceed and what happened during the process?

2）產品設計過程如何進行？過程中發生了什麼？

3) What tasks did you have in the design process, and what knowledge and skills you had required to carry out the projects?

3）您在設計過程中擁有哪些任務，以及執行項目所需的知識和技能？

4) How did industrial design(ers) and engineering design(ers) interact with each other during the design process?

4）工業設計和工程設計在設計過程中如何相互影響？

The interview started with the first question about interviewees’ roles in their teams and working experiences, followed by the product development

訪談首先要了解的問題是受訪者在團隊中的角色和工作經驗，然後是產品開發‧

1.2 Identifying design processes(確定設計過程)

1.2.1 Identifying design processes that each individual experienced

(確定每個人經歷的設計過程)

In the state-transition perspective, Reymen (2001) described a design process as the process of moving one state to another by performing a task at each stage and evaluating design activities. This is consistent with stage-gate models, where design activity happens at each stage and design output of the stage is evaluated at design review whereby a decision is made among whether to go to the next stage,

從狀態轉換的角度來看，Reymen（2001）將設計過程描述為通過在每個階段執行任務並評估設計活動將狀態從一種狀態轉移到另一種狀態的過程。這與階段門模型一致，在階段門模型中，每個階段都會進行設計活動，並在設計評審中評估階段的設計輸出，從而決定是否進入下一階段，

This perspective is advocated from most stage-based models (Wynn & Clarkson, 2005). A stagebased model is made up of action that is intended to perform a task, and a decision that is to intended to evaluate the outcomes of performing the task; the completion of which constitutes progression to the next stage

大多數基於階段的模型都提倡這種觀點（Wynn＆Clarkson，2005）。基於階段的模型由旨在執行任務的動作和旨在評估執行任務的結果的決策組成；這項工作的完成構成了下一階段的發展

Taken into the state-transition perspective, there are two activities: performing task and evaluating outcomes.

從狀態轉換的角度來看，有兩個活動：執行任務和評估結果。

Mostly, evaluation happens within a relatively short period of time to decide between ‘go forward, repeat, or drop.’ Hence, we named these kinds of activities (evaluation, design review, gate check, decision-making) as ‘event.’ At this juncture, we have two coding categories;
‘task’ and ‘event.’ In conclusion, we can model a design process with four coding categories; ‘task,’ ‘event,’ ‘information flow,’ and ‘interaction,’ and can be represented with the connection of stages.

通常，評估是在相對較短的時間內進行的，以便在“前進，重複或下降”之間做出決定，因此，我們將這些類型的活動（評估，設計評審，檢查，決策）稱為“事件”。目前，我們有兩個編碼類別：
總而言之，我們可以使用四個編碼類別對設計過程進行建模。 “任務”，“事件”，“信息流”和“互動”，並且可以通過階段的關聯來表示。

We identified process elements from every piece of transcribed interview data.

我們從每個轉錄的訪談數據中識別出流程要素。

Two researchers executed the whole procedures.

兩名研究人員執行了整個程序。

One researcher firstly constructed partial design processes, and the other researcher examined them by inspecting the interview data.

一位研究人員首先構建了部分設計流程，另一位研究人員通過檢查訪談數據對其進行了檢查。

1.2.2 Identifying collaborative product design processes(確定協作產品設計流程)

The next stage was to combine each company’s design processes into collaborative design processes via a ‘mosaic method.’ We firstly collected partial designprocesses from a particular project in a company.

下一步是通過“馬賽克方法”將每個公司的設計過程組合為協作設計過程。我們首先從公司的特定項目中收集了部分設計過程。

The partial processes extracted from industrial designers’ interview data provided rich information on industrial design activities,

從工業設計師的訪談數據中提取的部分過程為工業設計活動提供了豐富的信息，

This work was done by crosschecking interview data in each company while evaluating the meaning and context of the specific terms. Actually, designers seemed to understand each company’s documented design process where standard terminology was defined, but were not particularly conscious of it. It seemed that they ignoredthe standardized process because the market situation was pushing them to move fast. Language difference is also a possible cause of the term difference. In the product design area, native words and borrowed words are mixed in use in Korea. For example, we use both borrowed words and native words indicating ‘design’ in English. Besides, cultural and locational differences of the
two teams are likely to cause term difference.

通過交叉檢查每個公司的面試數據，同時評估特定術語的含義和上下文來完成這項工作。實際上，設計師似乎了解每家公司定義了標準術語的文件化設計過程，但並沒有特別意識到這一點。他們似乎忽略了標準化流程，因為市場形勢迫使他們迅速採取行動。語言差異也是造成術語差異的可能原因。在產品設計領域，韓國語中的母語和借來的單詞混合使用。例如，我們同時使用借用字詞和用英語表示“設計”的本地字詞。此外，文化和地理位置的差異
兩支球隊可能會造成任期差異。

1.2.3 Simplifying the processes(簡化流程)

We found that there was a pattern in a group of small sequential stages. There is a major job completed going through all sequential stages. After completing it, a clear new phase starts with another job. We defined those small stages as ‘process chunks.’

我們發現在一組小的連續階段中存在一種模式。所有主要階段都完成了一項主要工作。完成後，一個清晰的新階段從另一個工作開始。我們將這些小階段定義為“流程塊”。

The internal process in a process chunk starts with the initial input and runs across small stages inside. Iteration or feedback can happen among small stages inside the chunk. Finally, they make the final decision about the final outcomes.

流程塊中的內部流程從初始輸入開始，並在內部的各個小階段中運行。迭代或反饋可能在塊內的各個小階段之間發生。最後，他們對最終結果做出最終決定。

The process flow between the two process chunks has a little chance to be reversed after the previous outcome goes into the input of the next chunk. The cross-teams generally make the final design, which is approved by the top manager at each chunk. To go back to the previous chunk means that it could not meet the timeline to the market.

在前一個結果進入下一個塊的輸入之後，兩個過程塊之間的過程流幾乎沒有機會被逆轉。跨團隊通常進行最終設計，並由高層經理在每個工作組中批准。回到上一個區塊意味著它無法滿足市場時間表。

Thus, there should be a top management’s decision on the issue. Based on interview data, they would rather drop the project than go back to the previous phase.

因此，應該由最高管理者對此問題做出決定。根據訪談數據，他們寧願放棄該項目，也不願返回上一個階段。

We named the process chunks by their main jobs. While naming the chunks,we found that the term ‘concept design’ is used differently by engineering design and industrial design.

我們通過其主要工作來命名流程塊。在命名這些塊時，我們發現“概念設計”一詞在工程設計和工業設計中的用法有所不同。

Concept design in engineering design is about technical concepts related to how a product works by developing broad solutions to the working structure and functions

工程設計中的概念設計是與技術概念有關的技術概念，該技術概念通過為工作結構和功能開發廣泛的解決方案來與產品的工作方式相關

1.2.4 Determining types of collaborative design processes(確定協作設計過程的類型)

We compared and categorized the 12 simplified collaborative product design processes based on similarities in their process structure, input and outcomes of process chunks and phases, and interaction between industrial designers and engineering designers.

我們根據流程結構，流程塊和階段的輸入和結果的相似性以及工業設計師和工程設計師之間的交互性，對12個簡化的協作產品設計流程進行了比較和分類。

Therefore, examining the types of inputs and outcomes of phases give a clue to determine how the overall process flows. Finally, we evaluated the interaction between industrial designers and engineering designers within a phase.

因此，檢查階段的輸入和結果的類型為確定整個流程的流程提供了線索。最後，我們評估了一個階段中工業設計師和工程設計師之間的互動。

Assignment 1 << Previous Next >> Mechatronic Project